Quizlet ________ Is the Most Common Method for Uploading a Web Site. Url Gopher Ftp Telnet
The Gopher protocol is a communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Broad Web in its early stages, but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to HTTP. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded equally the effective predecessor of the World wide web.[1] [2]
The protocol was invented by a team led by Marker P. McCahill[3] at the University of Minnesota. It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on the documents it stores. Its text menu interface is well-suited to calculating environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented reckoner terminals, which were still common at the fourth dimension of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a broad variety of client implementations. More recent[ when? ] Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia.[ citation needed ]
Gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the offset large-scale electronic library connections.[4] The Gopher protocol is still in apply past enthusiasts, and although it has been nearly entirely supplanted past the Web, a small population of actively-maintained servers remains.[two]
Origins [edit]
Gopher system was released in mid-1991 by Marker P. McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the Academy of Minnesota in the The states.[5] Its primal goals were, as stated in RFC 1436:
- A file-like hierarchical organization that would be familiar to users.
- A unproblematic syntax.
- A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively.
- Extensibility of the file system metaphor; allowing addition of searches for instance.
Gopher combines certificate hierarchies with collections of services, including WAIS, the Archie and Veronica search engines, and gateways to other information systems such every bit File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Usenet.
The full general interest in campus-wide information systems (CWISs) in college teaching at the time,[6] and the ease of setup of Gopher servers to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites' online directories and resources were the factors contributing to Gopher's rapid adoption.
The name was coined past Anklesaria as a play on several meanings of the discussion "gopher".[7] The University of Minnesota mascot is the gopher,[8] a gofer is an assistant who "goes for" things, and a gopher burrows through the footing to reach a desired location.[ix]
Decline [edit]
The World wide web was in its infancy in 1991, and Gopher services quickly became established. By the belatedly 1990s, Gopher had ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gopher's stagnation:
- In February 1993, the University of Minnesota appear that information technology would charge licensing fees for the use of its implementation of the Gopher server.[10] [nine] Users became concerned that fees might as well be charged for independent implementations.[eleven] [12] Gopher expansion stagnated, to the advantage of the Globe Broad Web, to which CERN disclaimed ownership.[thirteen] In September 2000, the University of Minnesota re-licensed its Gopher software under the GNU General Public License.[xiv]
- Gopher customer functionality was quickly duplicated by the early Mosaic web browser, which subsumed its protocol.
- Gopher has a more rigid structure than the complimentary-class HTML of the Web. Every Gopher document has a defined format and blazon, and the typical user navigates through a single server-defined carte du jour organization to get to a detail document. This can be quite different from the way a user finds documents on the Spider web.
Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One attempt is The Overbite Project,[15] which hosts diverse browser extensions and mod clients.
Server census [edit]
- Every bit of 2012[update], at that place remained well-nigh 160 gopher servers indexed by Veronica-two,[16] reflecting a slow growth from 2007 when there were fewer than 100.[17] They are typically infrequently updated. On these servers Veronica indexed approximately 2.five million unique selectors. A scattering of new servers were existence ready every year by hobbyists with over fifty having been ready and added to Floodgap's list since 1999.[eighteen] A snapshot of Gopherspace in 2007 circulated on BitTorrent and was however bachelor in 2010.[19] Due to the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, setting upwards new servers or adding Gopher support to browsers is often done in a tongue-in-cheek style, principally on Apr Fools' Day.[20]
- In November 2014 Veronica indexed 144 gopher servers,[16] reflecting a small-scale drop from 2012, but within these servers Veronica indexed approximately 3 million unique selectors.
- In March 2016 Veronica indexed 135 gopher servers,[16] inside which it indexed approximately 4 million unique selectors.
- In March 2017 Veronica indexed 133 gopher servers,[16] within which information technology indexed approximately four.9 one thousand thousand unique selectors.
- In May 2018 Veronica indexed 260 gopher servers,[16] inside which it indexed approximately 3.seven million unique selectors.
- In May 2019 Veronica indexed 320 gopher servers,[16] within which it indexed approximately 4.ii million unique selectors.
- In January 2020 Veronica indexed 395 gopher servers,[xvi] within which information technology indexed approximately four.v meg unique selectors.
- In February 2021 Veronica indexed 361 gopher servers,[xvi] within which information technology indexed approximately half dozen million unique selectors.
- In Feb 2022 Veronica indexed 325 gopher servers,[16] inside which information technology indexed approximately 5 million unique selectors.
Technical details [edit]
The conceptualization of noesis in "Gopher space" or a "deject" as specific information in a detail file, and the prominence of the FTP, influenced the applied science and the resulting functionality of Gopher.
Gopher characteristics [edit]
Gopher is designed to role and to appear much similar a mountable read-just global network file system (and software, such as gopherfs, is bachelor that tin actually mount a Gopher server as a FUSE resource). At a minimum, whatever can be done with data files on a CD-ROM, can be done on Gopher.
A Gopher system consists of a series of hierarchical hyperlinkable menus. The selection of menu items and titles is controlled by the administrator of the server.
The elevation level menu of a Gopher server.
Like to a file on a Web server, a file on a Gopher server tin can be linked to as a carte du jour particular from any other Gopher server. Many servers take advantage of this inter-server linking to provide a directory of other servers that the user can access.
Protocol [edit]
The Gopher protocol was kickoff described in RFC 1436. IANA has assigned TCP port 70 to the Gopher protocol. The protocol is simple to negotiate, making it possible to browse without using a client.
User request [edit]
Starting time, the client establishes a TCP connection with the server on port 70, the standard gopher port. The client then sends a string followed by a railroad vehicle return followed past a line feed (a "CR + LF" sequence). This is the selector, which identifies the document to be retrieved. If the particular selector were an empty line, the default directory would be selected.
Server response [edit]
The server then replies with the requested item and closes the connection. According to the protocol, earlier the connection is closed, the server should send a full-stop (i.e., a catamenia character) on a line past itself. However, not all servers accommodate to this part of the protocol and the server may shut the connection without returning the last full-stop. The main blazon of respond from the server is a text or binary resources. Alternatively, the resources can exist a menu: a form of structured text resource providing references to other resource.
Because of the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, tools such as netcat go far possible to download Gopher content easily from the control line:
echo jacks/jack.exe | nc gopher.case.org lxx > jack.exe
The protocol is also supported by curl equally of 7.21.2-DEV.[21]
Search request [edit]
The selector string in the request can optionally be followed by a tab character and a search cord. This is used by item type 7.
[edit]
Gopher card items are divers by lines of tab-separated values in a text file. This file is sometimes called a gophermap. Equally the source code to a gopher menu, a gophermap is roughly coordinating to an HTML file for a web page. Each tab-separated line (called a selector line) gives the client software a description of the card item: what it is, what it's chosen, and where information technology leads. The client displays the bill of fare items in the order that they appear in the gophermap.
The offset character in a selector line indicates the item type, which tells the client what kind of file or protocol the menu item points to. This helps the customer decide what to do with information technology. Gopher'southward detail types are a more than bones precursor to the media type system used by the Web and email attachments.
The detail type is followed by the user display cord (a description or label that represents the item in the menu); the selector (a path or other string for the resources on the server); the hostname (the domain name or IP accost of the server), and the network port.
All lines in a gopher menu are terminated by "CR + LF".
For example: The following selector line generates a link to the "/home" directory at the subdomain gopher.floodgap.com, on port 70. The particular type of i indicates that the resource is a Gopher card. The string "Floodgap Habitation" is what the user sees in the menu.
1Floodgap Domicile /home gopher.floodgap.com 70
| Detail type | User display string | Selector | Hostname | Port |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Floodgap Home | /dwelling house | gopher.floodgap.com | 70 |
Item types [edit]
In a Gopher menu'southward source code, a one-grapheme code indicates what kind of content the client should look. This code may either exist a digit or a letter of the alphabet of the alphabet; messages are case-sensitive.
The technical specification for Gopher, RFC 1436, defines 14 item types. The afterwards gopher+ specification divers an additional 3 types.[22] A 1-character lawmaking indicates what kind of content the client should expect. Detail type iii is an error code for exception handling. Gopher client authors improvised item types h (HTML), i (informational message), and southward (sound file) after the publication of RFC 1436. Browsers like Netscape Navigator and early on versions of Microsoft Net Explorer would prepend the item type lawmaking to the selector as described in RFC 4266, so that the type of the gopher item could be determined by the url itself. About gopher browsers still bachelor, apply these prefixes in their urls.
| Canonical types | |
|---|---|
| 0 | Text file |
| one | Gopher submenu |
| 2 | CCSO Nameserver |
| iii | Error code returned by a Gopher server to betoken failure |
| 4 | BinHex-encoded file (primarily for Macintosh computers) |
| five | DOS file |
| 6 | uuencoded file |
| vii | Gopher full-text search |
| 8 | Telnet |
| 9 | Binary file |
| + | Mirror or alternate server (for load balancing or in case of primary server downtime) |
| g | GIF file |
| I | Image file |
| T | Telnet 3270 |
| gopher+ types | |
| : | Bitmap epitome |
| ; | Movie file |
| < | Sound file |
| Not-canonical types | |
| d | Md. Seen used alongside PDF'southward and .DOC's |
| h | HTML file |
| i | Advisory message, widely used.[23] |
| s | Sound file (peculiarly the WAV format) |
Here is an example gopher session where the user requires a gopher menu (/Reference on the first line):
/Reference 1CIA World Factbook /Archives/mirrors/textfiles.com/politics/CIA gopher.quux.org 70 0Jargon iv.2.0 /Reference/Jargon iv.2.0 gopher.quux.org seventy + 1Online Libraries /Reference/Online Libraries gopher.quux.org 70 + 1RFCs: Internet Standards /Computers/Standards and Specs/RFC gopher.quux.org lxx 1U.S. Gazetteer /Reference/U.Due south. Gazetteer gopher.quux.org lxx + iThis file contains information on United States fake (NULL) 0 icities, counties, and geographical areas. Information technology has fake (NULL) 0 ilatitude/longitude, population, land and h2o area, fake (NULL) 0 iand ZIP codes. fake (NULL) 0 i false (NULL) 0 iTo search for a city, enter the city's name. To search imitation (Cypher) 0 ifor a canton, use the proper name plus County -- for instance, fake (NULL) 0 iDallas County. faux (Zippo) 0
The gopher carte sent dorsum from the server, is a sequence of lines each of which describes an detail that tin be retrieved. Near clients will display these as hypertext links, and then allow the user to navigate through gopherspace by following the links.[5] This card includes a text resources (itemtype 0 on the third line), multiple links to submenus (itemtype 1, on the 2nd line likewise equally lines four-vi) and a non-standard data message (from line 7 on), broken down to multiple lines by providing dummy values for selector, host and port.
Web links [edit]
Historically, to create a link to a Web server, "Go /" was used equally a pseudo-selector to emulate an HTTP Become request.[24] John Goerzen created an addition[25] to the Gopher protocol, commonly referred to every bit "URL links", that allows links to whatsoever protocol that supports URLs. For case, to create a link to http://gopher.quux.org/, the item type is h, the display string is the title of the link, the particular selector is "URL:http://gopher.quux.org/", and the domain and port are that of the originating Gopher server (so that clients that do non back up URL links volition query the server and receive an HTML redirection page).
[edit]
Gopher+ [edit]
Gopher+ is a forrad compatible enhancement to the Gopher protocol. Gopher+ works by sending metadata between the client and the server. The enhancement was never widely adopted by Gopher servers.[26] [27] [28]
How it works [edit]
The customer sends a tab followed past a +. A Gopher+ server will respond with a status line followed by the content the client requested. An particular is marked every bit supporting Gopher+ in the Gopher directory listing by a tab + later on the port (this is the case of some of the items in the example above).
Other features [edit]
Other features of Gopher+ include:
- Item attributes, which can include the items
- Administrator
- Last date of modification
- Unlike views of the file, similar PostScript or evidently text, or unlike languages
- Abstract, or description of the detail
- Interactive queries
Search Engines [edit]
Veronica [edit]
The master Gopherspace search engine is Veronica. Veronica offers a keyword search of all the public Cyberspace Gopher server menu titles. A Veronica search produces a menu of Gopher items, each of which is a direct arrow to a Gopher data source. Private Gopher servers may also use localized search engines specific to their content such as Jughead and Jugtail.
Jugtail [edit]
Jugtail (formerly Jughead) is a search engine system for the Gopher protocol. It is distinct from Veronica in that information technology searches a unmarried server at a time.[29]
GopherVR [edit]
GopherVR is a 3D virtual reality variant of the original Gopher system.
Client software [edit]
Gopher clients [edit]
![[icon]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by calculation to information technology. (July 2021) |
These are clients, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access gopher resource.
| Customer | Developed by | Latest version | Release date | License | Written in | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gophercle | biotstoiq | 0.91 | April 2022 | MIT | Java | Client for Android. Supports merely basic functionalities like bookmarks, session-history, downloads, etc. |
| Acid | SSS8555 | 0.777 | April 2021 | ? | C | GUI client for Windows. Supports page cache, TFTP and has G6 extension. |
| Gopherus | Mateusz Viste | 1.2.1 | January 2020 | BSD 2-clause | C | GUI client for Linux, BSD, Windows and sixteen-scrap DOS. Features bookmarks and page caching. |
| Gophie | one.0 | April 2020 | GPLv3 | Java | GUI customer for Windows, MacOS and Linux. | |
| Kristall | MasterQ32 | 0.3 | June 2020 | GPLv3 | C++ | Gemini GUI client with optional (disabled past default) support for Gopher, Finger, and www. |
| Lagrange | skyjake | i.7.1 | Oct 2021 | ii-clause BSD | C | Gemini GUI client with Gopher and finger support. |
| Gopher Browser | Jaruzel | 1.2 | Baronial 2019 | Closed Source | VB.Net | Windows only Gopher GUI client. |
| Pocket Gopher | afonsotrepa | 1.ii.4 | January 2019 | Unlicense | Java | Customer for Android. Supports bookmarks, history, downloads, etc |
Web clients [edit]
Spider web clients are browsers, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access www resources, but which maintain gopher back up.
| Browser | Version | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starting time supported | Last supported | ||
| Scan | ? | Present | This browser is for RISC OS |
| roll | seven.21.ii (October 2010) | Nowadays | cURL is a command-line file transfer utility |
| Edbrowse | 3.seven.3 | Present | Edbrowse is a line-oriented editor and browser with an interface like that of ed (text editor) |
| Dooble | 1.53 | Present | |
| felinks | ? | Present[30] | Offers support equally a build pick |
| Falkon | 3.1.0, with plug-in simply | Present, with plug-in but | Requires Falkon ≥ 3.1.0 with both the KDE Frameworks Integration extension (shipped with Falkon ≥ iii.ane.0) enabled and the (carve up) kio_gopher plug-in[31] ≥ 0.1.99 (first release for KDE Frameworks five) installed |
| Google Chrome | With extension only[32] | Due north/A | With Burrow extension[33] |
| Konqueror | With plug-in merely | ? | Requires kio_gopher plug-in[31] |
| Lynx | ? | Nowadays | |
| Mozilla Firefox | 0.one | 3.6 | Born support dropped from Firefox iv.0 onwards;[34] can be added back past installing one of the extensions by the Overbite Project[fifteen] |
| NetSurf | N/A | Northward/A | Under development, based on the cURL fetcher |
| Opera | North/A | N/A | Opera 9.0 includes a proxy capability |
| Pavuk | ? | Nowadays | Pavuk is a web mirror (recursive download) software program |
| WebPositive | ? | Present | WebKit-based browser used in the Haiku operating system |
| Browser | Version | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outset supported | Last supported | ||
| Camino | 1.0 | ii.1.2 | Always uses port 70. |
| Classilla | 9.0 | 9.three.4b1 March 2021 | Hardcoded to port seventy from 9.0 to ix.2; whitelisted ports from 9.2.1 |
| ELinks | 0.10.0[35] | 0.12pre6 October 2012 | Unmaintained browser with gopher build selection. |
| Epiphany | ? | two.26.iii | Disabled after switch to WebKit |
| Galeon | ? | two.0.7 | |
| Internet Explorer | N/A | 6 | Support removed by MS02-047 from IE 6 SP1 can exist re-enabled in the Windows Registry.[36] Always uses port seventy. |
| Net Explorer for Mac | ? | five.2.3 | PowerPC-only |
| 1000-Meleon | ? | Dropped | |
| libwww | i.0c (December 1992) | 5.4.1 December 2006 | libwww is an discontinued API for internet applications. A modern fork is maintained in Lynx |
| Line Mode Browser | Nowadays | ||
| Mosaic | ? | Present (3.0) | |
| Netscape Navigator | ? | 9.0.0.vi | |
| OmniWeb | 5.nine.2 | Present | First WebKit Browser to support Gopher[37] [38] |
| SeaMonkey | ane.0 | ii.0.14 | Congenital-in back up dropped from SeaMonkey 2.1 onwards; could be added back to some versions with the Overbite project,[15] but is no longer supported. |
Browsers that do not natively back up Gopher can however access servers using i of the available Gopher to HTTP gateways.
Gopher support was disabled in Internet Explorer versions 5.x and 6 for Windows in August 2002 by a patch meant to gear up a security vulnerability in the browser'south Gopher protocol handler to reduce the set on surface which was included in IE6 SP1; however, it tin can exist re-enabled past editing the Windows registry. In Internet Explorer vii, Gopher support was removed on the WinINET level.[39]
Gopher browser extensions [edit]
For Mozilla Firefox and SeaMonkey, Overbite[15] extensions extend Gopher browsing and support the current versions of the browsers (Firefox Quantum v ≥57 and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey):
- OverbiteWX redirects
gopher://URLs to a proxy; - OverbiteNX adds native-like support;
- for Firefox up to 56.*, and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey, OverbiteFF adds native-like support, just it is no longer maintained
OverbiteWX includes support for accessing Gopher servers not on port seventy using a whitelist and for CSO/ph queries. OverbiteFF e'er uses port 70.
For Chromium and Google Chrome, Burrow[33] is bachelor. It redirects gopher:// URLs to a proxy. In the past an Overbite proxy-based extension for these browsers was available but is no longer maintained and does not piece of work with the current (>23) releases.[15]
For Konqueror, Kio gopher[40] is bachelor.
Gopher over HTTP gateways [edit]
Users of Web browsers that accept incomplete or no support for Gopher can admission content on Gopher servers via a server gateway or proxy server that converts Gopher menus into HTML; known proxies are the Floodgap Public Gopher proxy and Gopher Proxy. Similarly, certain server packages such every bit GN and PyGopherd have built-in Gopher to HTTP interfaces. Squid Proxy software gateways any gopher:// URL to HTTP content, enabling any browser or web agent to access gopher content easily.
Gopher clients for mobile devices [edit]
Some[ who? ] accept suggested that the bandwidth-sparing simple interface of Gopher would exist a skillful lucifer for mobile phones and personal digital administration (PDAs),[41] but then far, mobile adaptations of HTML and XML and other simplified content accept proven more pop. The PyGopherd server provides a built-in WML front-stop to Gopher sites served with it.
The early 2010s saw a renewed involvement in native Gopher clients for pop smartphones: Overbite, an open source customer for Android 1.v+ was released in alpha phase in 2010.[42] PocketGopher was besides released in 2010, along with its source code, for several Java ME compatible devices. Gopher Customer was released in 2016 as a proprietary client for iPhone and iPad devices and is currently maintained.[43]
Other Gopher clients [edit]
Gopher popularity was at its tiptop at a time when there were still many as competing computer architectures and operating systems. As a consequence, there are several Gopher clients available for Acorn RISC OS, AmigaOS, Atari MiNT, CMS, DOS, classic Mac OS, MVS, Adjacent, OS/2 Warp, most UNIX-similar operating systems, VMS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 9x. GopherVR was a client designed for 3D visualization, and there is even a Gopher client in MOO.[44] [45] The majority of these clients are hard-coded to work on TCP port 70.[ citation needed ]
Server software [edit]
Considering the protocol is trivial to implement in a basic fashion, there are many server packages even so bachelor, and some are still maintained.
| Server | Developed past | Latest version | Release engagement | License | Written in | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aftershock | Rob Linwood | 1.0.1 | 22 April 2004 | MIT | Java | |
| Apache::GopherHandler | Timm Murray | 0.1 | 26 March 2004 | GPLv2 or whatever later version | Perl | Apache 2 plugin to run Gopher-Server. |
| Atua | Charles Childers | 2017.4 | 9 October 2017 | ISC | Along | |
| Bucktooth (gopher link) (proxied link) | Cameron Kaiser | 0.ii.nine | 1 May 2011 | Floodgap Gratis Software License | Perl | |
| Flask-Gopher | Michael Lazar | 2.2.i | 11 Apr 2020 | GPLv3 | Python | |
| geomyid | Quinn Evans | 0.0.ane | 10 August 2015 | ii-clause BSD | Common Lisp | |
| geomyidae (gopher link) (proxied link) | Christoph Lohmann | 0.34 | xiii March 2019 | MIT | C | |
| GoFish | Sean MacLennan | one.2 | viii Oct 2010 | GPLv2 | C | |
| Gopher-Server | Timm Murray | 0.1.one | 26 March 2004 | GPLv2 | Perl | |
| Gophernicus | Kim Holviala and others | 3.i.ane | 3 January 2021 | 2-clause BSD | C | |
| gophrier | Guillaume Duhamel | 0.2.3 | 29 March 2012 | GPLv2 | C | |
| Goscher | Aaron W. Hsu | 8.0 | 20 June 2011 | ISC | Scheme | |
| mgod | Mate Nagy | 1.1 | 29 January 2018 | GPLv3 | C | |
| Motsognir | Mateusz Viste | one.0.13 | 8 January 2021 | MIT | C | extensible through custom gophermaps, CGI and PHP scripts |
| Pituophis | dotcomboom | 1.1 | xvi May 2020 | 2-clause BSD | Python | Python-based Gopher library with both server and client support |
| PyGopherd | John Goerzen | ii.0.18.5 | xiv February 2017 | GPLv2 | Python | Likewise supports HTTP, WAP, and Gopher+ |
| Redis | Salvatore Sanfilippo | 6.ii.five | 21 July 2021 | 3-clause BSD | C | |
| save_gopher_server | SSS8555 | 0.777 | seven July 2020 | ? | Perl | with G6 extension and TFTP |
| Spacecookie | Lukas Epple | one.0.0.0 | 17 March 2021 | GPLv3 | Haskell | |
| Xylophar | Nathaniel Leveck | 0.0.1 | 15 January 2020 | GPLv3 | FreeBASIC |
See also [edit]
- Veronica, search engine system for Gopher
- GopherVR
- Jugtail (formerly Jughead), an alternative search engine for the Gopher protocol
- SDF Public Access Unix Organization – a non-turn a profit organization which provides gratis Gopher hosting
- Phlog, the gopher version of a weblog
- Wide area information server, search engine whose popularity was contemporaneous with Gopher's
- Gemini (protocol), application layer protocol inspired by Gopher
References [edit]
- ^ Carlson, Scott (5 September 2016). "How Gopher Nearly Won the Internet". Relate of Higher Education . Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- ^ a b "How Moore's Police saved united states from the Gopher spider web". 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved twenty September 2011.
- ^ Mark P. McCahill interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
- ^ Suzan D. McGinnis (2001). Electronic collection direction. Routledge. pp. 69–72. ISBN0-7890-1309-6.
- ^ a b December, John; Randall, Neil (1994). The World wide web unleashed . Sams Publishing. p. 20. ISBN1-57521-040-1.
- ^ "Google Groups annal of chip.listserv.cwis-l discussion". Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Mark McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria. "Smart Solutions: Cyberspace Gopher" (Flash). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Media Factory. Event occurs at two:forty. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. McCahill credits Anklesaria with naming Gopher
- ^ "Gophersports.com – Official Web Site of University of Minnesota Athletics". Archived from the original on fourteen August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
- ^ a b Gihring, Tim. "The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol". minnpost.com. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2016.
- ^ "Subject: Academy of Minnesota Gopher software licensing policy". Funet.fi. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2015.
- ^ JQ Johnson (25 February 1993). "Message from discussion gopher licensing". Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Joel Rubin (3 March 1999). "CW from the VOA server page – rec.radio.shortwave". Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Johan Söderberg (2007). Hacking Capitalism: The Gratis and Open Source Software Movement . Routledge. p. 25. ISBN978-0-415-95543-0.
- ^ "Google Groups". Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "The Overbite Project". Floodgap. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i "Floodgap Gopher-HTTP gateway gopher://gopher/0/v2/vstat". Gopher.floodgap.com . Retrieved five January 2017.
- ^ Kaiser, Cameron (xix March 2007). "Downwards the Gopher Hole". TidBITS. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ http://gopher.floodgap.com/ane/new Archived four August 2011 at the Wayback Car
- ^ "Download A Slice of Internet History". The Changelog. 28 Apr 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Release Notes – OmniWeb v – Products". The Omni Group. Archived from the original on seven August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
OmniWeb 5.ix.2 Released 1 April 2009: Implemented ground-breaking support for the revolutionary Gopher protocol—a first for WebKit-based browsers! For a listing of Gopher servers, encounter the Floodgap list. Enjoy!
. The same text appears in the v.10 release of 27 August 2009 further downwardly the page, copied from the 5.9.ii unstable co-operative. The Floodgap list referred to is at Floodgap: new Gopher servers and does not itself refer to Apr Fools' Solar day. - ^ "Gyre: Re: Gopher patches for roll (includes test suite)". Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Gopher+ protocol specification".
- ^ "Directory entry says what? Current Gopher type field types".
- ^ "Gopher in the World-Wide Web". Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ "Gopher: gopher.2002-02". Gopher.quux.org. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ "Re: New Gopher server and client". Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 3 Feb 2012.
- ^ "Re: Server Contact Information". Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Request for Comments: 4266 / The gopher URI scheme
- ^ "The lowdown on Archie, Gopher, Veronica and Jughead".
- ^ "What advantages does Elinks have over the electric current original version of Links?".
- ^ a b "Kio gopher - KDE UserBase Wiki". userbase.kde.org. Archived from the original on ane May 2018. Retrieved ane May 2018.
- ^ hotaru.firefly; et al. (2 May 2009). "Issue 11345: gopher protocol doesn't work". Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b "Burrow: Gopherspace Explorer for Chrome". Retrieved one July 2019.
- ^ "Bug 388195 – Remove gopher protocol support for Firefox". Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Fonseca, Jonas (24 December 2004). "elinks-users ANNOUNCE ELinks-0.10.0 (Thelma)". Linux From Scratch. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-047". Microsoft. 28 Feb 2003. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ Sharps, Linda (i April 2009). "OmniWeb 5.nine.2 at present includes Gopher support". The Omni Grouping. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved three Apr 2009.
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External links [edit]
- List of public Gopher servers (Gopher link) (proxied link)
- An announcement of Gopher on the Usenet 8 October 1991
- Why is Gopher Yet Relevant? — a position statement on Gopher's survival
- The Web may have won, but Gopher tunnels on — an article published by the technology discussion site Ars Technica about the Gopher community of enthusiasts equally of v Nov 2009
- History of Gopher — Article in MinnPost
- Gopherpedia — Gopher interface for Wikipedia (Gopher link) (proxied link, by another proxy)
- Mark McCahill and Farhad Anklesaria – gopher inventors – explain the development of gopher: function 1, function 2
- Proposed Gopher+ Specification (gopher link)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29
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